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Image: PBSCF cathode microstructure after sintering at 950 °C. |
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A team of researchers led by Northwestern Engineering professor and fuel cell pioneer Sossina Haile has created a new fuel cell offering both exceptional power densities and long-term stability at optimal temperatures, a discovery that heightens the viability of incorporating fuel cells into a sustainable energy future.
“For years, industry has told us that the holy grail is getting fuel cells to work at 500-degrees Celsius and with high power density, which means a longer life and less expensive components,” said Haile, Walter P. Murphy Professor of Materials Science and Engineering and professor of applied physics at Northwestern’s McCormick School of Engineering. “With this research, we can now envision a path to making cost-effective fuel cells and transforming the energy landscape.”
The study, entitled “Exceptional power density and stability at intermediate temperatures in protonic ceramic fuel cells,” was published on February 12 in the journal Nature Energy. Sihyuk Choi, a postdoctoral fellow in Haile’s laboratory, served as the paper’s first author.
Though recent research had demonstrated the potential of some protonic ceramic fuel cells to offer environmentally sustainable and cost-effective electric power generation, those cells’ high electrolyte conductivities failed to produce anticipated power outputs.
“While it was known that some electrolytes have high conductivity at 500-degrees Celsius, somehow the electrodes were not working well in the complete fuel cell,” Haile said.
The Haile-led team overcame this persistent challenge by combining a high-activity cathode — the double-perovskite cathode PBSCF — with a new composition of matter, a chemically stable electrolyte labeled BZCYYb4411, to produce exceptional power density and stability in the highly prized intermediate temperature regime. This novel electrolyte allowed ions to move quickly and, unlike many previous electrolytes, remained stable even when operated for many hundreds of hours.
“We solved multiple problems simultaneously by changing out the electrode, improving the electrolyte and creating good contact and communication between the two materials,” said Haile, who led the development of the concept, guided the experimental design, and supervised the research.
One key to boosting the performance of the device was to insert a thin film layer of the PBSCF between the electrolyte and the bulk cathode material. The dense and smooth thin film layer was deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD).
“Fuel cells are decidedly bulk devices, but we were able to show that conventional thin film techniques such as PLD can make a big difference inside a bulk device,” said Ichiro Takeuchi, co-author and Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Maryland. As a part of the project, a combinatorial library made of thin films of the cathode material was also used to develop understanding of the electrochemical pathway in the cathode.
After years of scientists chasing high-power operation at 500-degrees Celsius — “a commercialization sweet spot,” Haile called it — the researchers’ discovery presents a significant step toward lower fuel cell costs and more sustainable energy.
“High temperatures translate into greater efficiency, but also higher costs because of the necessary auxiliary components,” said Haile, a past recipient of the American Institute of Chemists’ Chemical Pioneer Award. “Here, we demonstrate a clear path for realizing the potential of fuel cells to generate clean electricity.”
The next challenge, Haile said, is to develop scalable manufacturing routes. Currently, getting the excellent contact between electrode and electrolyte requires a costly processing step. To bolster commercialization efforts, Haile and her team have ideas on how to approach this in a more cost-effective manner. Haile’s team will also investigate making the fuel cells reversible, which would transfer electricity back into hydrogen for placement on grid backup.
“It’s exciting to think about where we are now and where we can go,” Haile said.
-- Daniel P. Smith
February 13, 2018
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